Regional Environment Office: Key Accomplishments

In promoting regional environmental cooperation in South Asia, the Regional Environment Office (REO) for South Asia sponsors key regional environmental initiatives to enhance transboundary collaboration in addressing environmental, science & technology and health issues. Much of its focus in project support has been on some of the key water problems prevalent throughout South Asia.

Regional Flood Forecasting Information Exchange: The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), with support from REO and the USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), began this initiative in May 2001. Representatives of six Hindu Kush-Himalayan countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan) agreed to establish an information-sharing system for meteorological and hydrological data to make significant improvements in their shared capacity to forecast the flows of floods that afflict the South Asia annually. During the 2005 monsoon season, a test phase of real time sharing of hydrological/meteorological data proved successful among five of the countries via a central web-based data exchange platform. The U.S. Government’s involvement in the project ended on December 31, 2005. ICIMOD is seeking future support for a pilot phase. Contact: www.southasianfloods.org

Research on Arsenic Groundwater Contamination: REO and U.S. embassies New Delhi and Dhaka sponsored U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research into the geochemical and hydrological causes of arsenic groundwater contamination in the Bengal Basin – a problem affecting tens of millions of people in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The USGS fieldwork yielded major discoveries that will assist regional governments in establishing guidelines for safe tubewell drilling practices and evaluating interim mitigation technologies appropriate to the South Asian social environment. For more information, please refer to: http://international.usgs.gov/regional/regasiapacific.htm or http://international.usgs.gov/projects/bg_arsenic.htm.

South Asia Water Quality Monitoring: REO and Sandia National Laboratories' Cooperative Monitoring Center (part of the U.S. Department of Energy) facilitated the creation of partnerships between scientists in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Regional water experts, who exchange near real-time water quality data over an electronic network. http://sawan.icimod.org.np

Promoting Regional Cooperation to Eliminate Trafficking in Wildlife: This project brought together senior officials dealing with wildlife conservation in South Asian countries and China to develop a regional action plan to combat illegal wildlife trafficking, which has reached sky high proportions in recent years. During the workshop, the South Asian countries agreed on a roadmap emphasizing greater information sharing between regional member governments and community participation. The project especially promoted greater coordination between the governments of India, Nepal and China to combat wildlife trafficking along their common border areas. International wildlife experts have pointed out that coordination of these three countries is vital to break the back of the wildlife traffickers in the region who have brought the Royal Bengal tiger and the one-horned rhino almost to the brink of extinction. As follow-up, China convened a workshop in Urumchi, China that brought all the Asian tiger range countries together to create a more effective network to halt the rise in tiger poaching and trafficking in Asia. For additional information on the Project, please refer to www.traffic.org/news/south_asia.html.

Drought Assessment and Mitigation in South West Asia: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), in conjunction with various international and national agencies, implemented this project to: review the current status of drought research and management in western South Asia (western India, Pakistan and Afghanistan); and identify priority areas and techniques in drought management for regional governments, relief agencies and local communities.

The project produced greater coordination between scientific and research communities with civil society organizations across India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, in a shared effort to assess and mitigate the impact of droughts in the region. The project resulted in more than a dozen publications providing important policy insights and recommendations on ways that decision makers in South Asia can address drought issues more effectively. In addition, the project developed an on-line remote-sensing-based drought monitoring system. Those who are interested, please refer to www.dms.iwmi.org. Details on the project activities and project documents can be accessed from the project website www.iwmi.cgiar.org/droughtassessment/index.asp.

Sustainable Livelihoods, Environmental Security and Conflict Management: Implemented by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Asia Environmental Law program, the project brought in leading international environmental security experts to advise on techniques to reduce tensions over environmental protection and livelihood issues. In-depth country studies in the causes of such issues in parts of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, led to greater workshop focus on two of the most important natural resource in South Asia – Wetlands and Forests. In Nepal and Bangladesh, the project concentrated on wetlands and people interactions, whereas in India and Pakistan, it dealt on forest and human dynamics.

This project led to a path-breaking study on the cause-and-effect dynamic between restrictions on resource access and conflict in South Asia. Noting that the legal framework in this arena dated back many years (often to colonial times), participants concluded that the legal context first needed to be amended to: reduce local conflicts over natural resources; promote resource access and local participation in decision making; strengthen managerial capacity; and facilitate greater access to information. The project brought the resource conflict and environmental security issue into national discussions and has encouraged regional governments to integrate concern over resource rights and environmental security into economic and developmental policies. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://www.iucn.org/places/asia/livelihood.

Adaptive Strategies for Floods and Droughts in South Asia: The Colorado-based Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), with its Nepal office, implemented this initiative addressing the social, economic and environmental impacts of emerging water problems in South Asia, via a research project documenting current individual, community and governmental strategies for coping with floods and water scarcity. The eye-opening results showed that local people have often adapted gradually to recurring floods and droughts in ways that are often more effective than delayed government responses. For example, flood victims salvage whatever they can within the first ten days after a flood, which is often how long it takes for official responses. Similarly, communities in India’s state of Bihar have collaborated to gradually raise the ground level of whole villages to avoid the worst impacts of floods. In contrast are government-built river embankments that raise riverbed levels, which in fact exacerbates the impact of floods. Given its sociological approach, this research concluded that a paradigm shift was required to address flood- and drought-response decisions. The authors recommended that traditional national approaches to dealing with floods and droughts were inadequate responses at the popular level. The conclusions drew great follow-on interest from the UN, World Water Forum and South Asian government representatives. For more information on the project and downloading of the final document, please refer to: http://www.i-s-e-t.org.

Environmental Website Directory – by CountryBANGLADESH

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF): MoEF is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government, for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programmes. MoEF oversees all environmental matters in the country. http://www.moef.gov.bd

Ministry of Science and Information & Communication Technology (MoSICT):MoSICT is promoting science and technology as stewardship of positive change in society and for balanced socio-economic upliftment and national well-being and also to make science and technology a part of national culture. http://www.mosict.gov.bd

Ministry of Water Resources: The Ministry of Water Resources erstwhile Ministry of Irrigation, Water Development and Flood Control is the apex body of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh for development and management of the whole water resources of the country. http://www.mowr.gov.bd

Department of Environment: The Department of Environment was created in 1989 to ensure sustainable development and to conserve and manage the environment of Bangladesh. http://www.doe-bd.org

Department of Forest: Forest Department is responsible for preservation, conservation and management of forest and wildlife in the country. http://www.bforest.gov.bd

Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB): BWBD is the leading organization for water resources management and development. It mainly deals with flood control and drainage, irrigation, river bank and town protection, flood forecasting and warning services, hydro-meteorological data management, land reclamation and protection against tidal surge. http://www.bwdb.gov.bd

Bangladesh Metrological Department (BMD): BMD is responsible for all official meteorological activities in the country. BMD maintains a network of surface and upper atmosphere observatories, radar and satellite stations, agro-meteorological observatories, geomagnetic and seismological observatories and a meteorological telecommunication system. http://www.bdonline.com/bmd

Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC): FFWC operates a Flood Information Center as a focal point for disaster management for cyclones and floods. http://www.ffwc.gov.bd

Institute of Water Modelling (IWM): IWM is a trust established by the Government of Bangladesh to function as a center of excellence and learning in the field of Computational Hydraulics, Water Modelling and Allied Science. http://www.iwmbd.org

Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS): CEGIS is an organization for integrated environmental analysis using geographic information systems and remote sensing, as well as information technology and databases. http://www.cegisbd.com

Rural Electrification Board: The Board is a statutory Government organization primarily responsible for implementing countrywide rural electrification. http://www.reb.gov.bd

Non-Governmental Organizations

Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS): BCAS is an independent, non-profit, non-government, policy, research, and implementation institute working on sustainable development (SD) at local, national, regional and global levels. http://www.bcas.net

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS): BIDS or Bangladesh Unnayan Gabeshona Protishthan is a multi-disciplinary organization that conducts policy-oriented research on development issues mainly for Bangladesh. http://www.bids-bd.org

Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP): BUP is a non-profit organization devoted to the promotion of basic as well as action research on socioeconomic development and environment. http://www.bup-bd.org

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC): Over the years BRAC has gradually evolved into a large and multifaceted development organization with the objectives of poverty alleviation and empowerment of the poor. http://www.brac.net

Grameen Bank (GB): Grameen Bank provides credit to the poorest of the poor in rural Bangladesh without collateral. At Grameen Bank, credit is a cost-effective weapon to fight poverty and serves as a catalyst in overall socio-economic development. http://www.grameen-info.org

Grameen Shakti (GS): Grameen Shakti was established in 1996 as a member of Grameen Family of Companies. The main aims of GS are to promote renewable energy technologies and supply renewable energy resources to the rural households of Bangladesh. http://www.gshakti.org

Waste Concern: Waste Concern is a non-profit research and development arm of Waste Concern Group focusing on pilot projects on all types of waste and cleaner energy projects (especially solar and bio energy projects). http://www.wasteconcern.org

Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM): IWFM is a premier institute for the advancement of knowledge and development of human resources in water and flood management. www.buet.ac.bd/iwfm

Bangladesh Environment Network (BEN): The objectives of the BEN are to gather and disseminate information about environmental degradation in Bangladesh, establish and strengthen connection among various environmental organizations in Bangladesh, formulate various policies that can be adopted to solve and avoid environmental problems in Bangladesh. http://www.ben-center.org

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Center: This is an online focal point for the environmental health disaster in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, where millions of people are drinking ground water heavily contaminated with arsenic. Site includes infobank of news articles, scientific papers, comprehensive links to other relevant sites, online forum, email newsletter, and local site search. http://www.bicn.com/acic

BHUTAN

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Agriculture: The mission of the Ministry is to increase food production, raise rural income and improve the livelihood of the nation’s large rural population while preserving the pristine natural environment and conserving the rich natural resources of land, water, forests, flora and fauna for future generations. http://www.moa.gov.bt

Ministry of Health: Mission: Facilitate of attainment of a standard of healthy living by the people of Bhutan that permits them to lead a socially and economically productive life and, within the broader framework of overall national development, to enhance the quality of life of the people through better health care in the spirit of social justice and equity. http://www.health.gov.bt

National Environment Commission (NEC): NEC serves as an environmental adviser to the government on matters related to sustainable development. http://www.nec.gov.bt

Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN): RSPN’s mission is to inspire personal responsibility and actively involve the people of Bhutan in the conservation of the Kingdom's environment through education, applied research and information dissemination. http://www.rspnbhutan.org

Department of Geology and Mines: The main roles of the Department include geological mapping, exploring mineral resources, providing engineering geological services and ensuring environmentally friendly exploitation of economic mineral resources. http://www.mti.gov.bt/dgm/dgm.htm

Department of Energy: Its mission is to provide adequate, safe and reliable electricity through improvement and expansion of transmission and distribution networks including sustainable and environment-friendly development of hydropower resource.http://www.moea.gov.bt/departments/energy

Non-Governmental Organizations

Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF): SELF is a non-profit charitable organization founded in 1990 to promote, develop, and facilitate solar rural electrification and energy self-sufficiency in developing countries. http://www.self.org/bhutan1.shtml

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

UNDP Bhutan: In Bhutan, the foundation of UNDP's work is to ensure that progress is based on people - on their needs, their efforts and their rights. http://www.undp.org.bt

WWF Bhutan Programme: WWF Bhutan Programme began its conservation work in 1977 by providing training opportunities for Bhutanese nationals and gradually evolved into a full country program facilitating several conservation projects that are currently being implemented by national agencies. http://www.wwfbhutan.org.bt

INDIA

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Environment and Forests: The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the nodal agency of the central government, for planning, co-ordination and oversight of environmental and forestry programs. http://envfor.nic.in

Ministry of Water Resources: The Ministry has the nodal role in all matters concerning India's water resources. http://wrmin.nic.in

Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES): MoES is mandated to provide the nation with best possible services in forecasting the monsoons and other weather/climate parameters, ocean state, earthquakes, tsunamis and other phenomena related to earth systems through well integrated programmes. http://moes.gov.in

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy: The mandate of the Ministry covers the entire renewable energy sector, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal and tidal energy sources. http://mnes.nic.in

Central Water Commission: In consultation with state governments, the Commission initiates, coordinates and furthers plans for control, conservation and utilization of water resources throughout India. http://cwc.nic.in

National Institute of Hydrology (NIH): The main objectives of the NIH are to undertake, aid, promote and co-ordinate systematic and scientific work in all aspects of hydrology, to co-operate and collaborate with other national, foreign and international organizations in the field of hydrology, and to establish and maintain a research and reference library. http://www.nih.ernet.in

India Meteorological Department: It is India's national meteorological service and the principal government agency in all matters relating to meteorology, seismology and allied subjects. http://www.imd.ernet.in

Department of Biotechnology: Department’s vision is “attaining new heights in biotechnology research, shaping biotechnology into a premier precision tool of the future for creation of wealth and ensuring social justice - especially for the welfare of the poor.” http://dbtindia.nic.in

Geological Survey of India (GSI): With a personnel strength of 2900 geoscientists and technical professionals, GSI is one of the premier organizations for Earth Science studies in the region. http://www.gsi.gov.in

Botanical Survey of India: The primary objectives are to survey the plant resources of the country, undertake and complete taxonomic studies of all the flora of the country, enlist the endangered species, undertake measures for the effective conservation and collect and maintain germplasm and gene bank of endangered, patent and vulnerable species. http://envfor.nic.in/bsi

Zoological Survey of India: The primary objectives are the exploration and survey of faunal resources, taxonomic studies, status survey of endangered species, publication of results through departmental journals, publication of fauna of India, maintenance and development of national zoological collections and central referral, information, advisory and library services. http://envfor.nic.in/zsi

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): NIO’s mission is to continuously improve our understanding of the seas around us and to translate this knowledge to benefit all. http://www.nio.org

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM): The objectives of the Institute are set forth to undertake and encourage research aimed at advancing the present knowledge in Atmospheric Sciences by identifying, planning, collaborating and conducting research programmes on problems of national and international importance. http://www.tropmet.res.in

National Disaster Management Division: http://www.ndmindia.nic.in

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): CPCB was constituted in September 1974. It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests. http://www.cpcb.nic.in

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE): The mission of ICFRE is to generate, preserve, disseminate and advance knowledge, technologies and solutions for addressing issues related to forests and promote linkages arising out of interactions between people, forests and environment on a sustained basis through research, education and extension. http://www.icfre.org

Non-Governmental Organizations

Indian Institute of Forest Management: The Indian Institute of Forest Management is a sectoral management institute, which constantly endeavors to evolve knowledge useful for the managers in the area of Forest, Environment and Natural Resources Management and allied sectors. http://www.iifm.ac.in

Wildlife Institute of India (WII): The prime concern of the Institute is to build capacity and develop skills for providing solutions to problems of wildlife conservation in general and protected area management in particular. http://www.wii.gov.in

Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI): WPSI was formed in order to bring a new focus to the task of tackling India's growing wildlife crisis. In particular, WPSI aims to provide additional support and information to combat the escalating illegal wildlife trade. http://www.wpsi-india.org

Wildlife Trust of India (WTI): WTI is a non-profit conservation organization committed to urgent action to prevent the destruction of India’s wildlife. http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org

Centre for Science and Environment: CSE was established in 1980 by a group of engineers, scientists, journalists and environmentalists to increase public awareness of vital issues of science, technology, environment and development. http://www.cseindia.org

Indian Environmental Society (IES): IES has been set up to increase consciousness and knowledge about the environment, including the major environmental problems facing the world today. While the vision of IES is global, its roots are firmly entrenched in India. http://www.iesglobal.org

Vikram Sarabhai Centre for Development Interaction: VIKSAT aims through interaction of Government organizations and people’s institutions at promoting and strengthening people’s institutions with active participation of men and women from all sections of the community for an equitable, gender sensitive, sustainable development and management of natural resources. http://www.viksat.org

Development Alternatives Group: The mission of Development Alternatives is to promote sustainable national development. http://www.devalt.org

The Energy Research Institute (TERI): A unique developing-country institution, TERI has expanded its original focus on providing environment-friendly solutions to rural energy problems and is now deeply committed to every aspect of sustainable development. http://www.teriin.org

Centre for Environment and Development (CED): The Centre’s primary objective is to carry out inter disciplinary and multi disciplinary research in environmental and developmental issues, based on cross-fertilization of mono-disciplinary sciences and also to provide consultancy and training support to implement various development projects. http://www.cedindia.org

Ashok Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE): ATREE aims to build a larger constituency of support for conservation by working with civil society. http://www.atree.org

Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group: Kalpavriksh believes that a country can develop meaningfully only when ecological sustainability and social equity are guaranteed, and a sense of respect for, and oneness with nature, and fellow humans is achieved. http://www.kalpavriksh.org

Center for Environment Education (CEE): CEE's primary objective is to improve public awareness and understanding of the environment with a view to promoting the conservation and sustainable use of nature and natural resources, leading to a better environment and a better quality of life. http://www.ceeindia.org

Aaranyak: The mission of Aaranyak is to foster conservation of biodiversity in Northeast India through research, environmental education, capacity building and advocacy for legal and policy reform to usher a new era of ecological security. http://www.aaranyak.org

Toxics Link: Toxics Link is a group of people working together for environmental justice and freedom from toxics. It collects and shares information about the sources and dangers of poisons in our environment and bodies, as well as about clean and sustainable alternatives for India and the rest of the world. http://www.toxicslink.org

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI): NEERI envisions a world in which all have capacity to act in a manner that ensures achievement of sustainable environment and economic goals. The natural balance is no longer threatened, and all share the benefit of a healthy environment. http://www.neeri.res.in

Centre for Development and Environment Policy (CDEP): Supported by a core endowment provided by the Indian Planning Commission, the CDEP addresses crucial policy issues associated with the complex relationship between economic activities and the natural environment. http://www.iimcal.ac.in/centers/cdep

Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI): The main objective of EPTRI is to provide training, consultancy, applied research services and advocacy in the area of environment protection to industry, regulatory bodies, Government and NGOs etc. http://www.eptri.com

Indian Society for Ecological Economics (INSEE): INSEE was established in New Delhi in 1998. ISEE aims to further the cause of sustainable development by providing a forum for continuous dialogue among scholars, practitioners and policy analysts working on different aspects of environment and ecology. http://www.ecoinsee.org

Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS): Established in 1983, Consumer Unity & Trust Society started off as a consumer protection organization in Rajasthan, India. Since then it has been working in several areas of public interest at the grassroots, national, sub-continental & international levels. http://www.cuts-international.org

Bombay Natural History Society: The Bombay Natural History Society is the non-government organization in the Indian sub-continent engaged in nature conservation research. Its commitment has been, and continues to be, the conservation of India's natural wealth, protection of the environment and sustainable use of natural resources for a balanced and healthy development for future generations. http://www.bnhs.org

South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies (SaciWATERs): SaciWATERs is committed to bringing about structural change in the dominant water resources management paradigm in South Asia. Within that, SaciWATERs focuses on transforming water resources knowledge systems. http://www.saciwaters.org

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

WWF India: Its mission is the promotion of nature conservation and environmental protection as a basis for sustainable and equitable development. http://www.wwfindia.org

Winrock International India: Winrock’s mission is to develop and implement solutions that balance the needs for food, income and environmental quality. http://www.winrockindia.org

MALDIVES

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment: www.mhte.gov.mv

Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture: The Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture has the mandate for sustainable management and development of fisheries, agriculture and marine resources of the nation. http://fishagri.org

Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology (MCST): MCST was established in November 1998 for the purpose of developing and strengthening the country's science and technology infrastructure for the betterment of our lives by improving our economic productivity, personal health and environmental quality. http://www.mcst.gov.mv

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA is mandated to undertake research andanalysis for the mandatory activities of the Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment and to establish, manage a knowledge-base and adopt an informationdissemination mechanism. http://www.erc.gov.mv

Department of National Planning: The mission of Department of National Planning is to plan, facilitate and co-ordinate national development towards a nation of excellence. http://www.planning.gov.mv/en

Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority: It is the government agency responsible for water and sanitation throughout the Maldives. http://www.mwsa.gov.mv

Department of Meteorology: http://www.meteorology.gov.mv

Environment Maldives: This website is intended to disseminate information on the environment of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water of Maldives. http://www.environment.gov.mv

Non-Governmental Organizations

Blue Peace: One of the main objectives of the Blue Peace is to protect the environment through environmental education and training. http://www.bluepeacemaldives.org

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

UNDP Maldives: The Maldivian Government and UNDP have collaborated in furthering people-centered development and building partnerships with island communities to fight poverty. UNDP has undertaken numerous projects that resulted in increased employment, environmental friendliness, empowerment of people and equity. http://www.mv.undp.org

NEPAL

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology: The major objectives of the Ministry are to promote environmentally sustainable economic development of the country, preserve natural and cultural environment, protect life supporting system (i.e. air, water and soil), identify a new technology through the development and promotion of research activities in the field of environment, science and technology. http://www.moest.gov.np/en

Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation: The Ministry overlooks issues related to forests and soil conservation in Nepal. It also serves as Nepal's CBD National Focal Point. http://www.mofsc.gov.np

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works: The major responsibilities of the Ministry are development of the national strategic transport network particularly of the road network, improvement on housing & urban environmental developments & increased access to the provision of water supply & better sanitation facilities. http://www.moppw.gov.np

Ministry of Health and Population: Ministry of Health and Population strives to put in place a health system in which there is equitable access to coordinated quality health care services characterized by self reliance, full community participation, decentralization and gender sensitivity. http://www.moh.gov.np

National Planning Commission (NPC): NPC is an advisory body responsible for formulation of development plans and policies. It also advises on allocation of resources and works as a central body for monitoring and evaluation of development plans and programs. http://www.npc.gov.np

Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation: The primary objectives of the Department are to conserve the country’s major representative ecosystems, unique natural and cultural heritage, and give protection to the valuable and endangered wildlife species. http://www.dnpwc.gov.np

Department of Forest (DoF): The main mandate of DoF is to manage the country's forest resources for the conservation of the natural environment and to supply the forest products to the people. http://www.dof.gov.np

Department of Soil and Watershed Management: The department is responsible for all matters relating to soil conservation and watershed management. http://www.dscwm.gov.np

Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM): DHM has a mandate from Government of Nepal to monitor all the hydrological and meteorological activities in Nepal. http://www.dhm.gov.np

Department of Irrigation: Department of Irrigation has the mandate to plan, develop, maintain, operate, manage and monitor environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable irrigation and drainage systems. http://www.doi.gov.np

Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST): The Academy is entrusted with four major objectives: advancement of science and technology for all-round development of the nation; preservation and further modernization of indigenous technologies; promotion of research in science and technology; and identification and facilitation of appropriate technology transfer. http://www.nast.org.np

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS): WECS has been established with the broad objective of developing water and energy resources in an integrated and accelerated manner. http://www.wec.gov.np

Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA): The primary objective of NEA is to generate, transmit and distribute adequate, reliable and affordable power by planning, constructing, operating and maintaining all generation, transmission and distribution facilities in Nepal's power system both interconnected and isolated. http://www.nea.org.np

Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC): The mission of AEPC is to make renewable energy mainstream resource through increased access, knowledge and adaptability contributing for the improved living conditions of people in Nepal. http://www.aepc.gov.np

National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC): Promoting, managing and conserving nature in all its diversity in Nepal are guiding principles of NTNC. http://www.ntnc.org.np

Non-Governmental Organizations

Wildlife Conservation Nepal (WCN): WCN’s mission is to involve local communities, civil societies, scientific communities and conservationists in environment protection, natural resource management, promote sustainable use of natural resources so that the benefits accrued reach the grass root level while conserving natural resources. http://wcn.org.np

Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN): BCN seeks to promote an interest in birds among the general public; encourage research on bird biology and ecology; identify the major threats to birds and act to conserve birds and their habitats. http://www.birdlifenepal.org

Wildlife Watch Group (WWG): WWG been active in urging the protection and conservation of wildlife by implementing CITES regulations. Side by side it is also monitoring the wildlife trade and advocating against illegal trade of wildlife and its products. http://www.citesnepal.org

Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO): ENPHO is an autonomous non-governmental, non-profit research-based organization established in 1990. The vision of ENPHO is research, development and dissemination for action. http://www.enpho.org

Clean Energy Nepal (CEN): CEN is a non-profit group that conducts research-based public education and advocacy campaigns to promote sustainable energy use and environmental conservation, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley. http://www.cen.org.np

Nepal Water Conservation Foundation (NWCF): NWCF's mission is to improve understanding of the water and its intrinsic function in human society and nature through interdisciplinary research, sharing and dissemination, and capacity building of younger professionals. The aim is to evolve such ethos into institutions that analyze water issues at regional and international scales. http://www.nwcf.org.np

Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH): NEWAH is committed to sustainable development of safe clean drinking water and sanitation for all people of Nepal. http://www.newah.org.np

Center for Environment Education Nepal (CEEN): Its aim is to bring awareness about environmental problems to young and old, students and the public at large and to suggest new ideas. http://www.sajilo.com/ceen/index.htm

Nepal Nature Dot Com: Nepal Nature Dot Com is run by professional naturalists in association with KGH Group of Hotels and Resorts. It promotes awareness on environment and organizes nature tours. http://www.nepalnature.com

Resources Himalaya: Resources Himalaya is a self-governing, independent not-for-profit organization concerned with the conservation of the Himalayas.http://www.resourceshimalaya.org

National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET-Nepal): NSET-Nepal strives to assist all communities in Nepal to become earthquake safer by developing and implementing organized approaches to managing and minimizing earthquake risks. http://www.nset.org.np

Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists ((NEFEJ): NEFEJ undertakes various programs overreaching a multitude of activities to try to effect positive changes in the environmental field and other social areas. http://www.nefej.org

Environmental Camps for Conservation Awareness (ECCA): ECCA has been a leading organization in the sector of social mobilization and community development. It implements various programs so as to raise the quality of life through wise-use of available local resources and application of alternate and renewable technologies. http://www.ecca.org.np

Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD):LI-BIRD is a non-profit making, non-governmental organization committed to capitalise on local initiatives for the sustainable management of renewable natural resources and an improved livelihood for people in Nepal. http://www.libird.org

Environment and Children Organization Nepal (ECO-Nepal): ECO Nepal is a non-governmental Organization dedicated in environment, ecology, disaster education, ecotourism, sustainable development, renewable energy and child concern. http://www.econepal.org

Pro-Public: Pro Public is a non-profit, a non-governmental organization dedicated to the cause of public interest, was founded in 1991 by a consortium of environmental lawyers, journalists, economists, engineers, consumers and women rights activists.http://www.propublic.org

Forum for Environmental Management and Research –Nepal: FERN aims to assist in conservation and promotion of Nepal's biological diversity, ecology, physical environment, traditional indigenous knowledge and human welfare, from the adverse impacts arising due to unsustainable development and lack of appropriate and visionary management of the environment. http://www.fern.org.np

The Centre for Sustainability Environment, Equity and Partnership (SEEP):The SEEP is dedicated to issues in water quality. It is also devoted to forming strategic partnerships with individuals and organizations to strengthen and improve concerns over water resources around the world. http://www.seepwater.org

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Nepal: WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. http://nepal.panda.org

IUCN – The World Conservation Union Nepal: The main focus of IUCN activity in Nepal is to strengthen institutional capacity for conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. http://www.iucnnepal.org

UNDP Nepal Energy and Environment: UNDP is dedicated to balancing the conservation of nature in Nepal with the needs of local people for subsistence. http://www.undp.org.np/energy/index.php

Winrock International Nepal: Winrock is committed to building human capacity, creating long-term relationships, managing effectively, communicating openly and promoting teamwork in order to create lasting solutions based on good science and sound economics. http://www.winrock.org.np

CARE Nepal: The goal of CARE Nepal is to enable poor and vulnerable people to create and benefit from opportunities that improves their lives and ensures greater gender and caste equity, with lasting impact. http://www.carenepal.org

Actionaid Nepal (AAN): AAN began work in 1982. Empowering the poorest and most marginalized communities, its aim is to eradicate poverty by focusing on priority themes and issues that will ensure a sustainable future. http://www.actionaid.org/nepal

Kathmandu Environmental Education Project (KEEP): KEEP is a non-profit, non-governmental organization. Its aims are twofold: to provide impartial and independent information to travelers, and to ensure the future ecological and cultural prosperity of Nepal through positive impact tourism and outreach project work. http://www.keepnepal.org

Himalayan Rescue Association Nepal (HRA): HRA is a voluntary non-profit organization formed in 1973 with an objective to reduce casualties in the Nepal Himalayas, especially keeping in view the increasing number of Nepalese and foreigners who trek up into the remote wilderness. http://www.himalayanrescue.org

PAKISTAN

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Environment: The charter of the Ministry includes environmental planning, pollution abatement and mitigation, ecology, housing, physical planning and human settlements, including urban water supply, sewerage and drainage. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk

Ministry of Science and Technology: Ministry of science and Technology is the national focal Ministry and enabling arm of the Government of Pakistan for planning, coordination and directing efforts to initiate and launch scientific and technological programs and projects aimed at economic development of the country. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk

Ministry of Water and Power: Ministry of Water and Power will plan to meet future Energy and Water requirements throughout Pakistan. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk

Pakistan Environment Protection Agency (PAK – EPA): Pakistan Environment Protection Agency provides protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable development. http://www.environment.gov.pk

Pakistan Meteorological Department: The mission of the department is to provide meteorological expertise and professional services in support of national economic development, and for the safety and benefit of the community. http://www.pakmet.com.pk

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO): NIO's research brings together all the scientific disciplines needed to study the ocean. http://www.niopk.gov.pk

Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP): The GSP's mission is to develop, interpret and provide geological information about the country in all its pertinent details that may lead to the prudent management of its natural resources and contribute to the well being and prosperity of its people. http://www.gsp.com.pk

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR): The mission of PCRWR is to make Pakistan self-sufficient, fiber and help achieve the goals of providing better health to citizens through efficient and effective laboratory and field-oriented research in areas of water development, use, management, and quality of water resources. http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk

Non-Governmental Organizations

Aga Khan Development Network AKDN): AKDN is a group of development agencies working in health, education, culture and rural and economic development, primarily in Asia and Africa. http://www.akdn.org

LEAD Pakistan: LEAD International was established in 1991 by the Rockefeller Foundation. The goal of this independent, non-profit organization is to foster a global network of future decision-makers that would facilitate environmentally sustainable and socially equitable use of the earth’s resources. http://www.lead.org.pk

Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI): SDPI’s mission is to catalyze the transition towards sustainable development, defined as the enhancement of peace, social justice and well-being, within and across generations. It provides the global sustainable development community with representation from Pakistan as well as South Asia as a whole. http://www.sdpi.org

Pakistan Institute for Environment Development Action Research (PIEDAR):The mission of PIEDAR is to identify, test and demonstrate practices and innovations for sustainable development. http://www.piedar.org

Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC): The main purpose of GCISC is to serve as a think tank in aid of the national planners and decision makers for strategic policy planning in consonance with the changing global environment in areas such as climate, water, energy, food, agriculture, health, ecology, new technologies etc. http://www.gcisc.org.pk

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

Global Environment Facility Program in Pakistan: GEF was launched to forge cooperation and finance actions addressing critical threats to the environment. http://www.gefpak.gov.pk

IUCN - The World Conservation Union Pakistan: IUCN’s mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. http://www.iucn.pk

International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Pakistan: IWMI is a nonprofit scientific research organization focusing on the sustainable use of water and land resources in agriculture and on the water needs of developing countries. http://www.lk.iwmi.org/pakistan/index.htm

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Pakistan: WWF-P contributes towards conserving Pakistan's unique natural diversity in a way that takes into account the future needs of its people. Along with the rest of the WWF global network, WWF-P is working to achieve the conservation of nature and ecological processes. http://www.wwfpak.org

UNDP Pakistan Environment and Energy Program: UNDP Pakistan supports upstream policy advice at the federal and provincial levels and also keeping in view the devolved nature of development issues, on-ground activities are carried out through local institutions and communities. http://www.undp.org.pk/environment-and-energy.html

SRI LANKA

Governmental Organizations

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources: The Ministry implements policies, plans and programmes in respect of environment and natural resources. http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk

Ministry of Science and Technology: The mission of the ministry is to formulate and implement policies pertaining to the advancement of science and technology, including scientific research, development and transfer of technologies. http://www.most.gov.lk

Ministry of Power and Energy: Ministry of Power and Energy bears the responsibilities of implementing the government of Sri Lanka policies related to electricity and energy sectors. http://www.mope.gov.lk

Central Environment Authority (CEA): Mission: Flagship of the nation steering towards protecting & managing the quality of the environment by promoting public participation, enforcement, advanced technological interventions & environmental education. http://www.cea.lk

Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWLC): DWLC’s Mission is to conserve wildlife and nature by the sustainable utilization of human resources, material and land through participatory management, research, education and law enforcement and ensure the maintenance of biodiversity and forest cover as exists today. http://www.dwlc.lk

Coast Conservation Department (CCD): The sustainable development of Coastal resources and the Management of Coastal processes to optimize social economic and environmental status of Sri Lanka is the mission of CCD. http://www.coastal.gov.lk

Department of Meteorology: The Department of Meteorology was created with the objectives of providing all meteorological and climatological information nationally, in accordance will WMO and ICAO regulations, supplying limited seismological and astronomical information to the general public and the maintenance of time service nationally. http://www.meteo.slt.lk

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau: The mission of the Bureau is to promote and manage the mineral resources of the country. It seeks to ensure that this mineral potential is realized for the benefit of Sri Lanka and that minerals are extracted in an efficient, safe and environmentally friendly manner. The Bureau provides expert advice to all concerned. http://www.gsmb.gov.lk

Water Resources Board: The mission of the Water Resources Board is the development of groundwater resources in environmentally sustainable manner to uplift socio-economic standard of the people of Sri Lanka. http://www.wrbsl.lk

National Science Foundation: NSF’s objective is to initiate, facilitate and support basic and applied scientific research by scientists. http://www.nsf.ac.lk

Non-Governmental Organizations

Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka (WNPS): WNPS was established in 1894 as a game protection society and evolved over the years to become a wildlife and nature conservation society by the 1970s. For much of this period, the society was the only civil organization promoting fauna and flora protection. http://www.wnpssl.org

Lanka Jalani: Lanka Jalani is made up largely of institutions with an interest and a commitment to the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and of eminent individuals who have the potential and willingness to make a contribution to the Partnership. http://www.lankajalani.org

Environmental Foundation Limited (EFL): EFL is a driving force in promoting environmental justice for the people of Sri Lanka, particularly poor and disadvantaged communities, through the provision of mediation, representation and advocacy services, and legal and scientific support, in environmental matters. http://www.efl.lk

Sewalanka Foundation: The mission of the Sewalanka is to enhance the capacity of rural communities to democratically identify and address their own development needs and to provide services that contribute to economically viable, socially just and ecologically sustainable development of Sri Lanka. http://www.sewalanka.org

Environmental Organizations/Initiatives

International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka: IWMI is a non-profit scientific research organization specializing in water use in agriculture and integrated management of water and land resources. http://www.lk.iwmi.org

IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Sri Lanka: The role of IUCN Sri Lanka embodies the overall mission of the World Conservation Union: to help nations throughout the world to protect and sustainably use their natural resources for the benefit of their peoples. http://www.iucnsl.org

Explosion in Nepal nature office

Police in Nepal say suspected Maoist rebels have detonated a bomb in the office of a nature conservation trust run by the royal family.
Two guards were injured in Tuesday night's blast in the capital, Kathmandu, police said.

The King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation is headed by King Gyanendra's son, Crown Prince Paras.

The blast happened on a day of fierce clashes between the rebels and security forces which left over 30 dead.
The police said that a bomb was tossed into the office, and had caused "minor property damage".

The conservation group is well known for its work to protect animals and the environment.

Violence has escalated across Nepal since the rebels abandoned a four-month unilateral ceasefire in January after the government refused to reciprocate.

On Tuesday, at least 36 policemen and Maoist rebels were killed in clashes across the country.

Blockade


Twenty rebels were killed in a security offensive in Dhading district west of Kathmandu, an army spokesman said.

Fourteen policemen and two rebels died in separate clashes in the south-east, officials said.

The BBC's Charles Haviland in Kathmandu says Tuesday appears to be one of the bloodiest days in Nepal for many months.

The rebels have not commented on the incident.

Tuesday's clashes came two days after the rebels called off a six-day-long blockade of the capital, Kathmandu, and other major towns and cities across the kingdom.

The rebel blockade was aimed at forcing King Gyanendra to give up direct powers he seized in February 2005.

More than 13,000 people have been killed in violence in Nepal since the rebels took up arms 10 years ago to replace the monarchy with a communist republic.

Everest Base Camp (18 Days Programme)

We fly to Lukla and begin trekking through the land of the legendary Sherpas into the Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park. Since the successful ascent of Everest the Khumbu region has enjoyed the international attention. We will follow the footsteps of Tenzing Norgay, Hilllary, Bonnington and Messner. We follow the classic trail to Namche bazaar, Khumjung, Pangboche and Lobuche to the Everest Base Camp and go on to Kalapattar. From Tenboche to Pangboche (3985 m) the trail rises through meadows where yaks graze. After touring the monastery we set out and cross the Lobuche Khola to arrive at Pheriche. After crossing the moraines of the Changri Shar Glacier, we reach the sandy plains of Gorakshep. Then we climb up amongst large boulders to the board summit of Kalapattar (5545m) which offers the best view of Everest and Khumbu Glacier. Whether it may be called Everest, Sagarmatha or Chomolongma, the highest peak of this planet is stunning to behold. The trek will end at Lukla and fly out to Kathmandu.

Shightseeing In Kathmandu

Bouddhanath
Bouddhanath is among the largest stupas in South Asia, and it has become the focal point of Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal. The white mound looms thirty-six meters overhead. The stupa is located on the ancient trade route to Tibet, and Tibetan merchants rested and offered prayers here for many centuries. When refugees entered Nepal from Tibet in the 1950s, many of them decided to live around Bouddhanath. They established many gompa's, and the "Little Tibet " of Nepal was born. This is still the best place in the valley to observe Tibetan lifestyle.

Bhaktapur
The city of the devotees is the marvel of Kathmandu Valley. It is also known as Bhadgaon and was founded in 889 AD by King Anand Dev. Today it covers an area of four square miles and is flanked by Khasa Khusung and Hanumante Rivers. Baktapur is perhaps the most popular of the three Newar towns of the Kathmandu Valley.
Baktapur is perhaps the most popular of the three Newar towns of the Kathmandu Valley. Newar art and architecture here rival the best craftsmanship of the Malla period (from the 12th to the the 18th century). Though a massive earthquake of 1934 destroyed many temples, bahals(monastery courtyards), and residences, the city is still a living proof of the highest craft standards in this part of the world. As the visitor wanders through the narrow brick paved streets, many alleys will show hidden shrines and statues. Clay craftsmanship as well as cloth weaving is still practiced here very much as in the past. Fourteen kilometers east of Kathmandu, this peaceful, conservative town stands in sharp contrast to the bustle of its two adjacent cities.

After seeing one or all of these monuments of the Kathmandu Valley, the visitor needs to realize that, of course, the world Heritage sites are only the trip of the iceberg. There are countless other monuments to see in the Kathmandu Valley, as there are shrines, statues, and religious images in almost every alley. Only the gods know how old most of these are. There are many pleasant walks and hikes around the Valley, with the Himalayas as a grand backdrop. And the original charm which lured Lord Shiva still welcomes you. Welcome to Nepal, the country where the gods come to holiday!

Budhanilkantha
The Vishnu statue at Budhanilkantha was found buried in the ground in its original state. The statue is estimated to be a thousand years old and shows Vishnu lying on the cosmic water before the universe was created. Shivapuri looms over Budhanilkantha and visitors find much peace there. You will be able to observe local people perform.

Changu Narayan
Changu Narayan: Narayan, or Vishnu, is the preserver of creation to Hindus. His temple near Changu village is often described as the most ancient temple in the Kathmandu Valley. a fifth century stone inscription, the oldest to be discovered in Nepal, is located in the temple compound and it tells of the victorious King Mandev. The temple, now covers sixteen hundred years of Nepalese art history. The temple, built around the third century, is decorated by some of the best samples of stone, wood, and metal craft in the valley. In the words of one tourist guide,"When you look upon Changu Narayan, you observe the complete cultural development of the Valley".

On the struts of the two-tiered Changu Narayan Temple, are the ten incarnations in which Narayan destroyed evil-doers. A sixth-century stone statue shows the cosmic from of Vishnu, while another statue recalls his dwarf incarnation when he crushed the evil King Bali. Vishnu as Narsingha disemboweling a demon is particularly stunning. The western bronze doors sparkle in the evening sunlight, dragons decorate the bells, and handsome devas stare from the walls. Garuda, half man and half birds, is the steed of Vishnu, and his life-sized statue kneels before the temple. The favorite of many tourists is the statue of Vishnu sitting astride his steed.
A couple of hours' drive from Kathmandu takes you to the hilltop temple. Baktapur, a medieval city and a
World Heritage Site, is en route and is worth a trip. puja every morning and evening.

Daksinkali
The temple at Daksinkali is dedicated to the ferocious mother goddess who has much energy an power. It is said that she gives strong will power and energy to those who come to her and she loves sacrifices. The temple is tantric in nature and is a favorite worship place of the Hindus. Saturdays are good days to visit as there is always a massive crowd of worshippers who come from all parts of Nepal to offer prayers.

Kathmandu Durbar Square
It is easy to be overwhelmed by the seemingly unaccountable monuments in the Kathmandu Durbar Square. The house of the Living Goddess, the ferocious Kal Bhairab, the red monkey god, and hundreds of erotic carvings are a few examples of the sights at the Square. The buildings are the greatest achievements of the Malla dynasty, and the resulted from the great rivalry between the three palaces of Kathmandu, Patan and Baktapur. For visitors today, and for the Nepalese, it was serendipitous that they and later their offspring's, began an artistic warfare trying to outdo each other in splendid constructions.
Kathmandu Durbar Square is amongst the most important sights for travelers to see.

Pashupati
One day Lord Shiva got tired of his glittering place on Mt.Kailash, his armies of ghosts and spirits, and even Parbati - his beautiful wife. Through his cosmic powers, he searched for a perfect place where he could holiday. Without telling anyone, he ran away from his place and came to live in Slesmantak Forest in the Kathmandu Valley. He gained great fame here as Pashupati - Lord of the animals - before other gods discovered his hiding place and came to fetch him.

The Pashupati where he stayed has received the attention of worshippers for at least fifteen hundred years;
it is the holiest Hindu pilgrimage destination in Nepal. There are linga images of Shiva along with statues,
shrines, and temple dedicated to other deities in the complex. A temple dedicated to Shiva existed at this site in AD 879. However, the present temples was built by King Bhupatindra Malla in 1697. A gold-plated roof, silver doors, and wood carvings of the finest quality decorate the pagoda construction. Guheswari Temple, restored in AD 1653, represents the female "force". It is wife, who gave up her life in the flames of her father's fire ritual.

Lord Shiva once more escaped from Kailash and came back to Pashupati as a hunter, but Parbati followed him disguised as a beautiful huntress. Shiva tried to seduce her, and discovering her true identity returned home shamefully. Kirateswar Temple commemorates this rather unfortunate jaunt.

A circuit of the Pashupati area takes visitors past a sixth-century statue of the Buddha, an eighth-century statue Brahma the creator and numerous other temples. Some other places to visit are Rajrajeswari Temple, built in 1407, Kailash with lingas more than 1,400 years old, Gorakhnatemple, and the courtyard of Biswarup. There are rows of Shiva shines and Hindu pilgrims from all over South Asia offering puja worship to Shiva, the Lord of Destruction.

The Bagmati River flows close by and the Arya Ghat cremation grounds are here. We strongly advise photographers not to take photos of cremations and of bereaved families. Sadhus, sages who follow the lifestyle of Shiva, may be seen covered in ashes and loin- cloths. They ask for money in case you want to take their photos. The main Pashupatinath courtyard may be entered by those of Hindu faith only.

Patan
The ancient city is situated on the southern bank of the river Bagmati and is about 5 km southeast of Kathmandu. The city is full of Buddhist monuments and Hindu temples with fine bronze gateways, guardian deities and wonderful carvings.

Patan Durbar Square
The square boasts of many famous sites and unique architecture.
Krishna Mandir in the Patan Durbar Square was built to honor the incarnation of Vishnu. The Bhimsen temple which honors Bhim, a great wrestler, brother of the Pandavs, and the deity to Nepalese businessmen, contains fine samples of metal craft. The best place however to see metal sculpture is the Hiranya Karna Mahabinar, the Golden Temple. The Sundari Chowk contains exquisite samples of woodcarvings, stone and metal sculptures. A must to visit !

Swayambhu
The history of the valley, according to the legends, begins with Swayambhu, or "the self-existent". In times uncharted by history Bodhisattva Manjusri came across a beautiful lake during his travel. He saw a lotus that emitted brilliant light at the lake's center, so he cut a gorge in a southern hill and drained the waters to worship the lotus. Men settled on the bed of the lake and called it the Kathmandu Valley. From then on, the hilltop of the self-existent Lord has been a holy place.

Swayambhu's light was covered in time because few could bear its intensity. By the thirteenth century, after many layers were added to the original structure that enveloped the Lord's power, a dome-like shape had been acquired. The stupas central mast was damaged and replaced at that time. Peripheral sources of power were discovered on the hilltop as well and stupas, temples and rest houses were built to honor them. Images of important deities, both Buddhist and Hindu, were also installed. Today, ago-old statues and shrines dot the stupa complex. Behind the hilltop is a temple dedicated to Manjusri of Saraswati the goddess of learning.

Swayambhu is, perhaps, the best place to observe the religious harmony in Nepal. The stupa is among the most ancient in this part of the world, and its worshippers are diverse from Newar nuns, Tibetan monks, and Brahmin priests to lay Buddhist and Hindus. The largest image of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Nepal is in a monastery next to the stupa. Other monasteries here have huge prayer wheels, fine Buddhist paintings, and special butter lamps, which may be lit after presenting monetary offerings.

Swayambhu is a major landmark of the Valley and looks like a beacon below the Nagarjun hill. It provides an excellent view of the Kathmandu Valley. Devotees have climbed the steps on the eastern side for centuries. Statues of the Buddha, mini stupas, monasteries and monkeys make the climb to Swayambhu - which is fairly steep - worthwhile. But for someone who is physically disabled or is pressed for time, the western road allows you to get off your transport almost at the base of the stupa.

Karnali River

General Information
One of the finest big volume rafting and kayaking trips in Nepal and definitely the best combination trip, trekking, white water rafting and wilderness.

The Karnali is Nepal's longest and largest river and with its tributaries, it drains most of the Far West of Nepal. The rapids are also pretty wild, with the river building to its climax in these lower canyons. In terms of volume, the river is comparable to the Sun Kosi, but the Karnali is more constrained by its canyon walls, giving bigger, mote continuous and serious rapids. This constrained nature of the river means that any increase in volume has more pronounced effect on the difficulty of the rapids and this makes it a river that is best run at low flows. Highest extreme instantaneous discharge measured at Chisapani was an incredible 21,700 cumecs.

The trek to start of the river trip is pleasant and highly scenic. It climbs through mixed forest and then traverses two ridge tops with excellent panoramic views of the Bheri forests.

Profile
From Sauli Alt. 560 m
To Chisapani Alt. 195 m
Distance 180 kms
River days 5-7 days
From Kathmandu 3 days
Difficulty in November Class 4 (5)
Average gradient 0.2 % (10 ft a mile)
Est. max. gradient 0.5 %
Volume in November 300 cumecs
Best Season Nov - Dec and Mar - Apr




10 Days rafting

1. Drive to Bhutwal by private bus, camp at Bhutwal.
2. Drive to Surkhet and overnight camping.

OR

1. Fly to Nepalgunj, overnight at the hotel.
2. Drive to Surkhet and overnight camping.
3. Trek from Surkhet to Dhanigad, overnight camping.
4. Trek from Dhanigad to Kareleghat, camp at the river bank.
5. Rafting from Kareleghat and overnight camping.
6. Rafting day and camping on the beach.
7. Rafting day, camping on the beach near the confluence of the Seti River.
8. Rafting day, camping on the beach after passing Bijura Village.
9. Rafting to Chisapani, end of the trip, drive back to Kathmandu by private bus.
10. Arrival in Kathmandu

OR

9. Raft ends at Chisapani, drive to Nepalgunj and overnight at the hotel.
10. Fly back to Kathmandu.

Trisuli River

The Trisuli River is Nepal's most popular rafting river. Impressive gorges, exciting rapids, some easier sections, and easily accessible from Kathmandu and Pokhara. Recommended for intermediate kayakers and those wanting a cheap white water trip.
Not far from the source the Trisuli joins the Bhote Kosi that flows from Tibet. The two rivers joining in some pretty fearsome looking gorges that are visible on the way up to the Langtang Trek. The Buri river, the Marsyandi and the Seti river ads to its flow.

When the Kali Gandaki joins it, shortly before the plains, it changes its name to the Narayani. Here, it is a truly mighty river, peak flows in the Monsoon have been measured at 25,700 cusec (extreme, instantaneous discharge) about 900,000 cubic feet per second or fifty times the typical flow of Colarado river through the Grand Canyon.